Glomerulosclerosis and viral gene expression in HIV-transgenic mice: Role of nef.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy is characterized by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and microcystic tubular dilation. We have previously described a mouse transgenic for a δgag-pol HIV-1 genome, which develops glomerulosclerosis, cutaneous papillomas, and cataracts.

We developed mice transgenic for a δgag-pol-nef HIV genome in order to investigate the role of the nef gene in these phenotypes.

One transgenic line, X5, expressed HIV mRNA in kidney and consistently manifested focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and tubular dilation by six weeks of age. Northern analysis indicated that renal transgene expression was higher in the δgag-pol-nef mice compared with the δgag-pol mice. In situ hybridization and immunostaining demonstrated HIV RNA and protein expression within the glomerular epithelial cells and tubular epithelial cells. These cell types showed histologic evidence of toxicity, including vacuolation and detachment from basement membrane, and exhibited increased rates of apoptosis. These data suggest that the renal disease seen in the δgag-pol-nef transgenic mouse may be caused by the expression of HIV genes within renal epithelial cells, that this expression may induce cellular toxicity, including apoptosis, and that nef is not required for the induction of renal disease. We have previously described mice bearing the nef gene, which do not manifest renal disease. In further experiments, δgag-pol-nef mice were bred with nef mice; these dual-transgenic mice developed renal disease that generally resembled that seen in δgag-pol-nef mice, but with somewhat more severe glomerulosclerosis and less severe tubulointerstitial injury.

The results of these transgenic studies suggest that the role of nef is complex and may act both to reduce transgene expression and to potentiate glomerular injury induced by other HIV-1 gene products.