The presence of bacteria within the pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue in
gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis has been reported using various methods,
including electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence using
bacteria-specific antibodies, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a
fluorescence-labeled oligonucleotide probe. Nevertheless, these methods are not widely
used due to technical limitation or difficulties. Here a method to localize bacteria within …