Several lines of evidence point to kidney disease as an important complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Kidney function is abnormal in up to 30% of HIV-infected patients, AIDS-related kidney disease has become a relatively common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis, and kidney disease may be associated with progression to AIDS and death [1–4]. Because HIV caregivers commonly manage all aspects of treatment for their patients, these clinicians are in the unique and important position to identify those patients at risk for renal disease and implement potentially preventative and therapeutic strategies. Consequently, an understanding of the causes, epidemiology, screening methods, and therapeutic strategies associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the HIV-infected patient is required.